The first step is to create an app by using 'python manage.py startapp appname' command, where appname is 'blog' in your case. In Django, there are many apps to the single project where each app serves as single and specific functionality to the particular project. In this tutorial part, we are going to see how to install Python and Django on the major available operating systems i.e Windows, Linux and MAC. At this point of our Django tutorial, we have covered what is Python, MVD and Django and the features of the Django. Let's now see how to install Python and a local development environment with pip. Previewing the django-app project with Docker Install Docker To make this as easy as possible, we will be using Docker Compose to creat our container. If you do not have Docker yet, start by downloading it if you are on a Mac or Windows. Install Django-Install django by giving following command- pip install django; Creating a Project. Lets’ check how to create a basic project using Django after you have installed it in your pc. To initiate a project of Django on Your PC, open Terminal and Enter the following command django-admin startproject projectName.
- Where Do Django Apps Get Installed On Macs Windows 10
- Where Do Django Apps Get Installed On Macs Windows
Released:
Deletes old files.
Project description
Features
The django-cleanup app automatically deletes files for
FileField
, ImageField
andsubclasses. When a FileField
’s value is changed and the model is saved, the old file isdeleted. When a model that has a FileField
is deleted, the file is also deleted. A file thatis set as the FileField
’s default value will not be deleted.Compatibility
- Django 2.2, 3.0, 3.1 (See Django Supported Versions)
- Python 3.5+
- Compatible with sorl-thumbnail
- Compatible with easy-thumbnail
How does it work?
In order to track changes of a
FileField
and facilitate file deletions, django-cleanupconnects post_init
, pre_save
, post_save
and post_delete
signals tosignal handlers for each INSTALLED_APPS
model that has a FileField
. In order to tellwhether or not a FileField
’s value has changed a local cache of original values is kept onthe model instance. If a condition is detected that should result in a file deletion, a function todelete the file is setup and inserted into the commit phase of the current transaction.Warning! If you are using a database that does not support transactions you may lose files if atransaction will rollback at the right instance. This outcome is mitigated by our use ofpost_save and post_delete signals, and by following the recommended configuration below. Thisoutcome will still occur if there are signals registered after app initialization and there areexceptions when those signals are handled. Impulse app download. In this case, the old file will be lost and the new filewill not be referenced in a model, though the new file will likely still exist on disk. If you areconcerned about this behavior you will need another solution for old file deletion in your project.
Configuration
Add django_cleanup to the bottom of INSTALLED_APPS in settings.py
That is all, no other configuration is necessary.
Note: Order of INSTALLED_APPS is important. To ensure that exceptions inside other apps’ signalhandlers do not affect the integrity of file deletions within transactions, django_cleanupshould be placed last in INSTALLED_APPS.
Troubleshooting
If you notice that django-cleanup is not removing files when expected, check that your modelsare being properlyloaded:
You must define or import all models in your application’s models.py or models/__init__.py.Otherwise, the application registry may not be fully populated at this point, which could causethe ORM to malfunction.
If your models are not loaded, django-cleanup will not be able to discover theirFileField’s.
You can check if your Model is loaded by using
Advanced
This section contains additional functionality that can be used to interact with django-cleanup forspecial cases.
Signals
To facilitate interactions with other django apps django-cleanup sends the following signals whichcan be imported from
django_cleanup.signals
:cleanup_pre_delete
: just before a file is deleted. Passes afile
keyword argument.cleanup_post_delete
: just after a file is deleted. Passes afile
keyword argument.
Signals example for sorl.thumbnail:
Refresh the cache
There have been rare cases where the cache would need to be refreshed. To do so the
django_cleanup.cleanup.refresh
method can be used:Ignore cleanup for a specific model
Ignore a model and do not perform cleanup when the model is deleted or its files change.
How to run tests
Install, setup and use pyenv to install all the required versions of cPython(see the tox.ini).
Setup pyenv to have all versions of python activated within your local django-cleanup repository.Ensuring that the python 3.8 that was installed is first priority.
Install tox on python 3.8 and run the
tox
command from your local django-cleanuprepository.How to write tests
This app requires the use of django.test.TransactionTestCase when writing tests.
For details on why this is required see here:
Django’sTestCase
class wraps each test in a transaction and rolls back that transactionafter each test, in order to provide test isolation. This means that no transaction is everactually committed, thus youron_commit()
callbacks will never be run. If you need totest the results of anon_commit()
callback, use aTransactionTestCase
instead.
License
django-cleanup is free software under terms of the:
MIT License
Copyright (C) 2012 by Ilya Shalyapin, ishalyapin@gmail.com
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copyof this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to dealin the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rightsto use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sellcopies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software isfurnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in allcopies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS ORIMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THEAUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHERLIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THESOFTWARE.
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Django is a full-stack Python framework with a long history. It’s the most respected Python framework for web development, powering thousands of websites around the world.
Django offers a build-in solution for i18n using the i18n and l10 module. In fact, we have written a quick guide on Django i18n before – feel free to give it a look – but it does not mean that it is the only option out there. There is also another independent package called django-parler that offers a simpler solution for providing multilingual support. It can come in quite handy if you are using models that require multiple translations and are saved in a database. For more advanced requirements, it is better to use the framework’s built-in I18n support.
In this tutorial, we are going to expose a simple blog app API using Django REST Framework that also offers multilingual support with django-parler. All the code examples are hosted on GitHub. Let’s get started!
![Where Do Django Apps Get Installed On Macs Where Do Django Apps Get Installed On Macs](/uploads/1/3/4/0/134066903/747726450.png)
Installation
First, we create a new Python environment and install the necessary packages:
For storing the database models, we need a database. We use PostgreSQL in this tutorial, so we need to install some extra drivers:
Then start the database service. For example, on Linux/Mac we can use the following command:
Then create a new Django project for our blog:
Next, we need to configure the database. Edit the settings.py file and change the DATABASE sections as follows:
Add the django-parler and Django REST Framework configuration:
Here, we’ve added two supported languages: English and Greek denoted by their language tags (en and el).
Before we run the migrations, we need to create a new user and database as per configuration because Django will complain if they are not valid. The easiest way to do that is by using the pgAdmin tool:
You will need to apply the following SQL scripts:
You are now ready to run the migrations …
… and finally, create our Blog API.
Blog REST API
First, we start by creating the blog app inside the project root folder:
Inside the blog/models.py file, we need to add a Post Best app cleaner mac 2015. model. We are going to use the django-parler TranslatableModel to derive the translations for us:
The TranslatedFields object wraps all the fields that require translations. To actually create objects, we can also register an admin form that automatically populates the different translation forms.
Update the following file blog/admin.py:
Here we used the save_model method to assign the current user when we create a new Post.
Now we login to the admin panel and add a few posts with translations (both English and Greek):
The library already created different tabs for each language. For each language tag, we need to provide translations and then click the Save button.
You may be wondering what the underlying model is when we save those translations – we can find that out using the pgAdmin tool really quickly by inspecting the tables created when we apply the migrations.
Navigate to localhost > databases > myBlog > Schemas > Tables and there you will see a new table called blog_post_translation:
As you can see, django-parler created a one-to-many relationship between the Post model and a new model for storing the translations. This way we can programmatically fetch all translations for a given post. The master_id field maps to the post_id param as we look into the foreign key constraint:
In addition, it creates a unique tuple of (master_id, language_code):
Before we expose them to the API, we need to register the router query-set with REST Framework. Edit the myBlog/urls.py file with the following contents:
Now start the server and head over to the REST API path at http://localhost:8000/api/posts/ so we can see the translated model being served there as JSON:
There you have it, a fully-configurable REST template for serving translated models in Django.
Let’s see what other things we can do using this library.
Log in to the management shell first.
Accessing fields from the model
We can retrieve a Post model and check its fields:
To check the same field with a different translation, we need to switch to that locale first:
Filtering translations
The translations for each post reside on a different table, and they can be filtered like any other relation:
Note that it returned the English version of the object. If we were to set either the PARLER_DEFAULT_LANGUAGE_CODE or LANGUAGE_CODE in the settings to el, then we would get the Greek translations instead:
Manually adding translations to the model
We can update an existing model as usual: Reflector app download mac.
As the current selected language is GREEK this will save a translation for that locale. If we want to switch the current language and save a translation there, we will need to use the .set_current_language() method: Spotify mac app store.
We can create a new translations using the create_translation method of the Post model:
Retrieving REST API data for one translation only
We use the translated method to retrieve query sets that have the specified language translations:
In order to hook it into REST Framework, though, we need to adopt a new strategy. We can detect the client’s preferred language using the accept_language header and filter the query-set result to contain only the translations for that language. The following code is taken from this example comment here with some stability improvements:
Create a mixins.py file and add the following code:
Then add the mix into the PostSerializer:
Now, if we head over to http://localhost:8000/api/posts/, we will see only the translations for the English language as our default accepts-language:
If I change the default browser language (via settings) to Greek, then the Greek translations will be returned:
Switching the language
Where Do Django Apps Get Installed On Macs Windows 10
Using the switch_language context manager and given a support language tag, we can switch into the specified language:
Where Do Django Apps Get Installed On Macs Windows
With django-parler, we can quickly set up and use translatable fields in Django, with good automatic admin integration. We hope that this tutorial has helped you understand how it works and how to use it. For more advanced needs in terms of i18n and l10n in Django, make sure you see what Phrase can do for you in a 14-day free trial.